What is Korsakoff's syndrome?

Korsakoff´s syndrome is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by short term memory loss. The commonest cause of Korsakoff´s syndrome is alcoholism, although a number of different illnesses can be responsible. The mediating factor which is central to the occurrence of Korsakoff´s syndrome for all these illnesses, is very low levels of vitamin B1, also known as thiamine.

How does Korsakoff´s syndrome present?

The brain damage associated with Korsakoff´s syndrome may be fatal, and if not fatal be associated with the occurrence of dementia. However, the factor which differentiates Korsakoff´s syndrome itself from dementia is the marked short-term memory loss which occurs as a result of damage to specific brain areas. Korsakoff´s syndrome has a marked effect on brain areas responsible for short-term memory functions such as the mamillary bodies and lining of the cavities in the brain known as ventricles. This damage results in the disabling short-term memory loss typical of Korsakoff´s syndrome. Patients typically are unable to remember what they had for breakfast, but will remember in perfect detail the events of many years before.

What can be done to prevent Korsakoff´s syndrome?

Any one at risk of developing Korsakoff´s syndrome, especially alcoholics, should be observed for the early signs of development. Early signs of Korsakoff´s syndrome (more correctly known as Wernicke´s syndrome for early signs) include confusion and disorientation, a staggering gait and in some cases paralysis of eye muscles leading to a squint. Raised temperature and raised blood pressure may also be indicative of signs of a developing Korsakoff´s syndrome. If the development of Korsakoff´s syndrome is suspected, then patient should be treated as a medical emergency and given intravenous vitamin B1 (thiamine).

What can be done to treat established Korsakoff´s syndrome?

Once Korsakoff´s syndrome has become established, a small degree of recovery may occur over a period of years, but this seems unusual. The most effective treatment for established Korsakoff´s syndrome is social treatment aimed at retraining the person to deal with their memory loss. Practical examples include the routine keeping and up-dating of lists, or maintenance of photographs of individuals with names, or other measures aimed at overcoming the debilitating short term memory loss associated with Korsakoff´s syndrome.

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